Perspectives on oral reading fluency, vocabulary and reading comprehension in bilingual learners from Ghana, South Africa and Zimbabwe

Reading & Writing

 
 
Field Value
 
Title Perspectives on oral reading fluency, vocabulary and reading comprehension in bilingual learners from Ghana, South Africa and Zimbabwe
 
Creator Stoffelsma, Lieke Wilsenach, Carien Mutema, Fungai
 
Subject Applied Linguistics; Education oral reading fluency; vocabulary; RC; ORF benchmarks; bilingualism; Akan; isiZulu; Shona
Description Background: While oral reading fluency (ORF) is linked to reading comprehension (RC) in African languages, the role of vocabulary remains underexplored.Objectives: This study investigated the relative contributions of ORF and vocabulary to RC in the first and second languages of three bilingual groups: Akan-English in Ghana, isiZulu-English in South Africa, and Shona-English in Zimbabwe and examined the ORF rate needed for 80% comprehension in each language.Method: A quantitative correlational design was used. Learners in Ghana (n = 158), South Africa (n =104), and Zimbabwe (n = 122) were assessed through convenience sampling. Constructs measured included: ORF, RC and receptive vocabulary tests.Results: Oral reading fluency was a strong predictor of RC in first and second languages. Learners needed to read between 89 and 109 words correct per minute (WCPM) in English to achieve 80% comprehension. For African languages ORF thresholds ranged from 47 WCPM (isiZulu) to 55 WCPM (Akan).Conclusion: Oral reading fluency emerged as a critical prerequisite for RC across bilingual populations. Without adequate ORF skills, vocabulary knowledge cannot support comprehension.Contribution: This study provides novel data on reading fluency and comprehension in under-researched African languages, particularly Akan and Shona. It proposes preliminary ORF benchmarks for Ghana and Zimbabwe and validates existing benchmarks for South Africa.
 
Publisher AOSIS
 
Contributor Dutch Research Foundation
Date 2026-01-23
 
Type info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion — Quantitative; Regression
Format text/html application/epub+zip text/xml application/pdf
Identifier 10.4102/rw.v17i1.583
 
Source Reading & Writing; Vol 17, No 1 (2026); 14 pages 2308-1422 2079-8245
 
Language eng
 
Relation
The following web links (URLs) may trigger a file download or direct you to an alternative webpage to gain access to a publication file format of the published article:

https://rw.org.za/index.php/rw/article/view/583/1561 https://rw.org.za/index.php/rw/article/view/583/1562 https://rw.org.za/index.php/rw/article/view/583/1563 https://rw.org.za/index.php/rw/article/view/583/1564
 
Coverage Ghana; South Africa; Zimbabwe — Grade 5 and 6; Akan; Shona; Zulu
Rights Copyright (c) 2026 Lieke Stoffelsma, Carien Wilsenach, Fungai Mutema https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
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