Language of assessment matters: Early learning outcomes when preschool children are tested in isiXhosa mother tongue vs in English: The language of learning and teaching

South African Journal of Childhood Education

 
 
Field Value
 
Title Language of assessment matters: Early learning outcomes when preschool children are tested in isiXhosa mother tongue vs in English: The language of learning and teaching
 
Creator Dawes, Andrew Biersteker, Linda Tredoux, Colin
 
Subject developmental psychology; early childhood; language of assessment; psychometrics ELOM; language of learning and teaching; LOLT Early Learning Outcomes Measure 4&5; language of assessment; early childhood; early learning programme; language of learning and teaching; isiXhosa; English
Description Background: Many young children in South Africa are enrolled in early learning programmes (ELPs) that use a different language of learning and teaching (LOLT) from their mother tongue. In which language should they be assessed?Aim: To investigate the effect of the language of testing on Early Learning Outcomes Measure 45 (ELOM 45) performance.Setting: Preschool Programmes.Methods: The nationally standardised ELOM 45 was administered to isiXhosa-speaking children (39 boys and 46 girls) attending English LOLT programmes (mean age = 62.12 months; standard deviation [sd] = 4.36). The language of assessment order was counterbalanced (English first and isiXhosa second or vice versa). A mixed linear model with fixed and random effects was fitted with ELOM 45 Total score at assessment time 2 in language 2 (English or isiXhosa) as the dependent variable. The model included the following predictors: ELOM 45 Total score in the language assessed at time 1, days between assessments, sex, age in months and ratings of Task Orientation.Results: Children performed better in isiXhosa regardless of the language of administration order. Children assessed in English first performed better when tested in isiXhosa second.Conclusion: Early Learning Outcomes Measure 45 test scores of English LOLT isiXhosa-speaking children in ELPs are likely to be more valid indicators of their ability when children are tested in their mother tongue language.Contribution: This first South African study to investigate the effects of language of test administration on ELOM 45 performance in children attending English LOLT programmes indicates that isiXhosa speakers should be assessed in their mother tongue as required by the national home language assessment policy.
 
Publisher AOSIS
 
Contributor Datadrive2030 provided funding
Date 2026-01-09
 
Type info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion — Psychometric: A mixed linear model with fixed and random effects was used to compare children's performance on the ELOM 4&5 when tested in English and in isiXhosa.
Format text/html application/epub+zip text/xml application/pdf
Identifier 10.4102/sajce.v16i1.1814
 
Source South African Journal of Childhood Education; Vol 16, No 1 (2026); 7 pages 2223-7682 2223-7674
 
Language eng
 
Relation
The following web links (URLs) may trigger a file download or direct you to an alternative webpage to gain access to a publication file format of the published article:

https://sajce.co.za/index.php/sajce/article/view/1814/3634 https://sajce.co.za/index.php/sajce/article/view/1814/3635 https://sajce.co.za/index.php/sajce/article/view/1814/3636 https://sajce.co.za/index.php/sajce/article/view/1814/3637
 
Coverage South Africa early childhood isiXhosa-speaking preschool children (39 boys & 46 girls) mean age 62 months.
Rights Copyright (c) 2026 Andrew Dawes, Linda Biersteker, Colin Tredoux https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
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