Evaluating oral reading fluency in English as a Second Language: A quantitative analysis

Reading & Writing

 
 
Field Value
 
Title Evaluating oral reading fluency in English as a Second Language: A quantitative analysis
 
Creator Dogar, Maria F. Shah, Syed K. Imran, Muhammad Almusharraf, Norah
 
Subject — reading fluency; oral reading fluency norms; public schools; second language acquisition; reading skill
Description Background: There is a dearth of research on second language oral reading fluency (ORF) globally, particularly in Pakistan, both in theory and practice. No ORF scores are reported in any schools in Pakistan.
Objective: Hence, a quantitative study was conducted to calculate the ORF rates using the words correct per minute (WCPM) measure among Grade 7 English as a Second Language (ESL) learners.
Method: A 1-min reading test was administered to calculate the WCPM of Grade 7 ESL learners, randomly selected from a girls’ public school in Sheikhupura, Punjab.
Results: The expected ORF benchmark for ESL learners in Grade 7 is approximately 97–112 WCPM, based on general estimates that ESL learners typically read about 25 WCPM less than their native-speaking peers. This benchmark is used here as a comparative guideline in the absence of officially reported ORF norms for Pakistani schools. In the present study, however, the average ORF rate found among Grade 7 ESL learners was notably lower, at 72 WCPM.
Conclusion: It was found that 90% of Grade 7 ESL learners fall within the 10th percentile compared to Grade 7 ORF norms. The situation regarding ORF among ESL learners in Pakistan is dire. Low ORF scores result from the lack of systematic reading practice in Pakistan’s public schools.
Contribution: These data represent the first-ever calculated ORF scores for any grade in Pakistan. To improve the ORF profile of learners, a systematic reading intervention should be implemented in public schools in Pakistan.
 
Publisher AOSIS
 
Contributor Educational Research Lab, Prince Sultan University
Date 2025-08-12
 
Type info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion — —
Format text/html application/epub+zip text/xml application/pdf
Identifier 10.4102/rw.v16i1.581
 
Source Reading & Writing; Vol 16, No 1 (2025); 9 pages 2308-1422 2079-8245
 
Language eng
 
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https://rw.org.za/index.php/rw/article/view/581/1433 https://rw.org.za/index.php/rw/article/view/581/1434 https://rw.org.za/index.php/rw/article/view/581/1435 https://rw.org.za/index.php/rw/article/view/581/1436
 
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Rights Copyright (c) 2025 Maria F. Dogar, Syed K. Shah, Muhammad Imran, Norah Almusharraf https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
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